Websites, AI, Blogs and Social Media
Contents
Websites
- Authorship
- (Year)
- Title.
- Available at: URL
- [Accessed date].
Examples:
Conflict Memory Displacement (2016) Conflict Memory Displacement: Responding to the refugee crisis in the UK and Italy. Available at: http://conflictmemorydisplacement.com/ [Accessed 28 July 2016].
National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (2013) Birthplace in England Research Programme (Birthplace). Available at: https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/birthplace [Accessed 25 July 2013].
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Generative AI
If the use of generative AI has been approved as a source of information for the assessment, you should acknowledge its use in the text of your work using the citation format (AI tool provider, year).
Examples:
ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2023) was given three prompts to explore both general and specific aspects of plastic surgery.
ChatGPT is a trained model that interacts in a dialogue format, answering questions in detail and completing instructed requests in a prompted fashion (OpenAI, 2023). The following section includes the responses received from ChatGPT to interview questions.
The reference should be in the format:
- AI tool provider
- (Year)
- AI tool.
- Response to prompt made by your name, date, time.
Example:
OpenAI (2023) ChatGPT. Response to prompt made by Isabel Gupta, 4 May 2023, 11.58am.
Reproduce the response either in the methodology section of your assessment or as supplementary material in an Appendix. Clearly identify the response by using indentation. Please follow the guidelines in the assignment brief.
If you have used generative AI for your initial research, you should include text such as this in your methodology section or at the top of your references and reference its use using the formats above.
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Social media posts
As social networking websites require registration and acceptance by other members, use the website name as the source and place this in italics as shown in the examples below. Include the date of the publication or post so that the item can be found. Include the post creator or the image creator as the author. You will need to include any discussion or any images to which you are referring in an appendix to your work so that it can be viewed.
- Authorship
- (Year)
- Post title.
- Social Networking Site,
- Day and Month.
- Available at: URL
- [Accessed date].
Examples:
Goldberg, M. (2018) Researchers find pathogens in hospital ice machines. LinkedIn, 7 February. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/researchers-find-pathogens-hospital-ice-machines-martin-goldberg?trk=portfolio_article-card_title [Accessed 8 August 2019].
Music of the Unseen (2022) Charles Stepney and David Axelrod. Facebook, 18 August. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/mvvat8tc [Accessed 12 September 2022].
Psychogios, A. (2020) Are your facial expressions important in motivating people? Does your face communicate emotions? Leaders should not ignore the fact that their ability to lead does not only relate to the things that they do and say, but also to their facial features!! Twitter, 4 December. Available at: https://twitter.com/AlexandrosPsyc1/status/1334862532482314242 [Accessed 21 August 2021].
For videos and reels, use the account name as the creator that sponsored or generated the content. Include the medium - photograph or video, for example, in the reference.
- Authorship
- (Year)
- Post title.
- [Medium]
- Social Networking Site,
- Day and Month.
- Available at: URL
- [Accessed date].
Examples:
ElenaHowardPhotography (2017) Flowers at Bermondsey Square. [photograph] Instagram, 30 June. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/BV-uNjeFnry/ [Accessed 23 November 2022].
myBCU (2022) Green spaces in Birmingham. [video] Instagram. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/reel/CkY28Q6jmvk/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y= [Accessed 23 November 2022].
Birmingham City University (2022) The glow up of @Steamhouse. [video] TikTok. Available at: https://www.tiktok.com/@birminghamcityuni/video/7150662437493067013?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7169243202619344389. [Accessed 23 November 2022].
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Blog posts and comments
1. Blog posts
- Authorship
- (Year)
- Blog entry.
- Blog Title.
- [blog]
- Day and Month.
- Available at: URL
- [Accessed date].
Examples:
Clancy, J. (2020) No Covid-19 deaths or cases; the safest neighbourhoods in England – what makes them so special? Birmingham City University Centre for Brexit Studies Blog. [blog] 11 August. Available at: https://centreforbrexitstudiesblog.wordpress.com/2020/08/11/no-covid-19-deaths-or-cases-the-safest-neighbourhoods-in-england-what-makes-them-so-special/ [Accessed 27 August 2020].
Wall of Sound (2007) Rocking around the clock: teenage dance fads 1955 to 1965. Wall of Sound. [blog] 19 September. Available at: https://wallofsound.wordpress.com/2007/09/19/rocking-around-the-clock-teenage-dance-fads-1955-to-1965/ [Accessed 11 May 2016].
2. Blog comments
- Authorship
- (Year)
- Blog entry: comment.
- Blog Title.
- [blog]
- Day and Month.
- Available at: URL
- [Accessed date].
Example:
Allen, J. (2015) What is this political space we call ‘immigration’?: comment. openDemocracyUK. [blog] 23 March. Available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/steve-garner/what-is-this-political-space-we-call-%27immigration%27 [Accessed 28 July 2016].
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Email discussion lists
For personal email correspondence, see other sources.
- Authorship
- (Year)
- Message title.
- Discussion List Title,
- Day and Month.
- Available at: URL
- [Accessed date].
Examples:
Ashford, G. (2020) An accurate way to see which 4g mast you're connecting to. ISP Review, 28 April. Available at: https://www.ispreview.co.uk/talk/threads/an-accurate-way-to-see-which-4g-mast-youre-connecting-to.36119/ [Accessed 28 August 2021].
Harris, C. (2012) Are journal rankings damaging logistics as an academic discipline? Logistics Research Network JISCMail List, 18 October. Available through: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind1210&L=logistics-research-network&F=&S=&P=71 [Accessed 26 August 2015].