Photos, Art and Exhibitions

Contents

• Paintings and Drawings
• Photographs
• Photographs or Images Available Online
• Medical Images (Including Anonymous Patient Scans)
• Illustrations and Posters
• Exhibitions
• Installations
• Sculptures
• Maps

Paintings and drawings

• Artist(s)
• (Year(s) of production)
• Title.
• [medium]
• Dimensions.
• Gallery where exhibited.

Examples:

If you wish to include a facsimile of a painting or a drawing as a figure in your work you will need to reference it as a photograph available online. You will also need to label it and refer to it correctly (see citing tables and figures). Reproducing an artistic work without the permission of the copyright holder is an infringement of copyright. However, you are entitled to reproduce artistic work without permission if it is for the purposes of private research and study.

If you wish to include your own photograph you will need to obtain permission from the gallery or museum to reproduce the image. These details should be given below a figure of the photograph.

Examples:

If you refer to these in your work, the titles are always in italics, for example:

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Photographs

• Artist(s)
• (Year)
• Title.
• [medium]
• Dimensions.
• © copyright statement.
• Photo: courtesy collection.

Examples:

Photographs should contain a copyright statement, either below a figure or in the picture credits or list of illustrations. You should obtain permission of the individual or institution who holds the copyright of the image to reproduce the image.

There is no need to reference a photograph if it is an image that you took and it is not stored anywhere. You may wish to include a copyright symbol both underneath the image with the figure details and also in the reference list/table of illustrations with your surname as the creator and the information as in the examples.

Examples:

If you refer to photographs in in your text, the titles are always in italics, for example:

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Photographs or images available online

For photographs as reproductions of artistic works (e.g. paintings, posters, drawings or sculptures) available online, take the reader to where the image was viewed. Many of our students cite images that appear in Pinterest. This guidance includes an example of how to cite an image from a Pinterest board. However, Pinterest is not an image source. It enables you to gather together images from social media sites, blogs and websites. Ideally, try to find the original source of the image so that you are giving credit to the image taker/designer. Do a reverse image search to help you find the original source.

• Artist(s)
• (Year)
• Title.
• Available at: URL
• [Accessed date].

“Scholarly practices in image captioning are not standardized” (Weinraub, 2018: 495). Providing plenty of examples of citing images is therefore a requirement which these pages seek to redress. The three key pieces of advice when citing images you have seen online or have taken from online sources are:

1. You need an image caption. A caption is used to identify or describe an image and to give credit. Many images don’t come with a caption so you will have to give an image a suitable explanatory title. Call it Fig.1 with a caption and give credits in author/date style.
2. Try to cite the original source of the image i.e. the original manufacturer or designer web page rather than from a supplier of the product. 
3. A citation should include as much information as is necessary to locate the image. For images on web pages, any identifying numbers are useful. Include the manufacturer or designer as the corporate author, followed by creation or publication date (assume it is 2019 or 2020 for a webpage), title of the web page, URL and accessed date (as the pages are likely to change).

Examples of captioning and citing images:

Image source	http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/item/2004663496/
Caption	Fig.1 Portrait of Man Ray, Paris (Van Vechten, 1934)
Citation	Van Vechten, C. (1934) Portrait of Man Ray, Paris. Available at: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/van/item/2004663496/ [Accessed 04 October 2009].

Image source	http://sposaitaliacollezioni.fieramilano.it/content/dam/man-sposaitalia/gallery/generali/EnzoMiccio_007.jpg
Caption	Fig.2 Enzo Miccio bridal shoes, Si Sposaitalia Collezioni (2019) highlights.
Citation	Si Sposaitalia Collezioni (2019) Si Sposaitalia Collezioni 2019 Highlights. Available at: http://sposaitaliacollezioni.fieramilano.it/content/dam/man-sposaitalia/gallery/generali/EnzoMiccio_007.jpg [Accessed 28 August 2020].

Image source	http://www.katiejonesknit.co.uk/highland-fling
Caption	Fig. 3 Katie Jones knitwear collection AW16 Highland Fling. Source: Katie Jones (2019)
Citation	Katie Jones (2019) AW16 Highland Fling. Available at: http://www.katiejonesknit.co.uk/highland-fling [Accessed 23 August 2019].

Image source	https://www.flickr.com/photos/andrewneild/24837501267/
Caption	Fig. 4 Camouflage and mimicry in butterfly wings: P1160853. Source: Neild (2017). Reproduced under Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Citation	Neild, A. (2017) Memphis philumena P1160853. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/andrewneild/24837501267/ [Accessed 23 August 2019].

You may wish to cite images from online magazines or exhibitions. Use the following as examples which follow the format appropriate for the source:

Image source	https://purple.fr/diary/purple-x-adidas-originals/
Caption	Fig. 5 Image of green Adidas originals ozweego with background of Jackie Kennedy exhibition. Source: Purple Fashion (2019)
Citation	Purple Fashion (2019) Purple X Adidas Originals. [photograph] Photography by Olivier Zahm. Purple Fashion, 31 July. Available at: https://purple.fr/diary/purple-x-adidas-originals/ [Accessed 23 August 2019].

Image source	https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/g28853098/venice-film-festival-red-carpet/?slide=29
Caption	Fig. 6 Embellished gold jumpsuit worn by Ruth Negga, Venice Film Festival 2019, September 2019. Source: Elle (2019)
Citation	Elle (2019) Ruth Negga. [photograph] ©Getty Images. In: D. Murray, Venice Film Festival 2019: Best dressed stars. Elle, 2 September. Available at: https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/g28853098/venice-film-festival-red-carpet/?slide=29 [Accessed 3 September 2019].

Image source	https://timorissanen.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/yieldexhibition-cataloguelr.pdf
Caption	Fig. 7 Men’s zero waste coat, zero waste leggings, cotton/hemp denim scarf. Source: Rissanen (2011: 19). Reproduced with permission of Thomas McQuillan
Citation	Rissanen, T. (2011) Men’s zero waste coat. [photograph] ©Thomas McQuillan. In: H. McQuillan and T. Rissanen, eds. Yield: Making fashion without making waste. [exhibition catalogue] Available at: https://timorissanen.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/yieldexhibition-cataloguelr.pdf [Accessed 23 August 2019].

You may wish to cite sources from subscription sites to which the University has access. Here are examples which follow the format appropriate for the source:

Image source	https://search.proquest.com/vogue/docview/2165563354/citation/63CB76774FC24F42PQ/9?accountid=10749
Caption	Fig. 8 Marni sweater from summer collection. Source: Vogue (2019)
Citation	Olins, J. (2019) Bright Lights. [photograph] © Conde Nast. In: Practical magic. Vogue, 209(1), p. 85.

Image source	https://www.lsnglobal.com/macro-trends/article/24271/conscious-deceleration
Caption	Fig. 9 The Tide at Greenwich Peninsula, designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, London. Source: McGregor and Smith (2019)
Citation	McGregor, R. and Smith, J. (2019) Conscious deceleration. Hindsight. [photograph] LS:N Global Macrotrends, 20 June. Available at: https://www.lsnglobal.com/macro-trends/article/24271/conscious-deceleration. [Accessed 23 August 2019].

Image source	https://www-wgsn-com.ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk/content/board_viewer/#/84740/page/3
Caption	Fig. 10 Gathered-ankle trouser as featured in Spring/Summer 20 Copenhagen Fashion Week. Source: WGSN (2019)
Citation	WGSN (2019) The Gathered-Ankle Trouser. In: L. Yiannakou, Trousers & jumpsuits: key items fashion autumn/winter 20/21. WGSN, 9 Feb 2019. Available at: https://www-wgsn-com.ezproxy.bcu.ac.uk/content/board_viewer/#/84740/page/3 [Accessed 23 August 2019].

You may wish to cite images from social media sites:

Image source	https://www.instagram.com/p/BV-uNjeFnry/
Caption	Fig. 11 Flowers at Bermondsey Square. Source: ElenaHowardPhotography (2017)
Citation	ElenaHowardPhotography (2017) Flowers at Bermondsey Square. [photograph] Instagram, 30 June. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/BV-uNjeFnry/ [Accessed 23 November 2022].

Image source	https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/373869206545285116/
Caption	Fig. 12. Lee Hewett’s sideboard. Source: Hewett (2023)
Citation	Hewett, L. (2023) This is a picture of the LOVEly stuff on my sideboard. [photograph] Pinterest. Available at: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/373869206545285116 (Accessed: 15 August 2023).

If you wish to include a photograph as a figure in your document you should always ensure that you have the necessary permissions. Reproducing an artistic work without the permission of the copyright holder is an infringement of copyright. If you take a photograph of a painting in a modern art gallery, use of the photograph on the web is likely to be an infringement of copyright. However, not all modern art is still in copyright. Legislation protects the work for the life of the author plus 70 years. For example, Edvard Munch and Wassily Kandinsky both died in 1944 so copyright in their works has expired. Also, some art galleries in their terms and conditions permit photographs for private, non-commercial use for which use on a non-commercial blog would not be a breach of this condition. The Intellectual Property Office has published advice on Digital Images, Photographs and the Internet as a Copyright Notice.

You are entitled to reproduce artistic work without permission if it is for the purposes of private research and study. One approach to reducing the risk of breaching copyright is to use images which hold a Creative Commons licence which allows reuse as long as the image creator is acknowledged. For example, many Flickr users have chosen to provide their images under the Flickr Creative Commons licence.

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Medical images (including anonymous patient scans)

• Image creator
• (Year)
• Title.
• Available at: URL
• [Accessed date].

Example:

Examples of images from subscription atlases:

If you wish to include an image from one of these sources, the terms and conditions of the University’s licence (for subscription products) or the terms and conditions (permissions) on the website mean that you must label the image and refer to it correctly (see citing tables and figures). Reproducing an image without the permission of the copyright holder is an infringement of copyright. However, you are entitled to reproduce an image without permission if it is for the purposes of private research and study as long as you acknowledge the source.

In-text:

If you need to reference an individual patient's scan, the advice from the Department of Radiography is that you will need to anonymize the image to protect the individual but you will also need to protect the Trust as well. Each image should be regarded as a publication in its own right.

In the text of your work you would include as a citation for example (Local Trust X, 2016) i.e. the year the image was produced.

For your reference list this would appear as:

If you have images from the same year then you should use letters to differentiate them, i.e. 2017a, 2017b, 2017c etc.

If you do identify the Trust from an image or document that is not in the public domain, this will be deemed a technical fail and your work will be awarded a 1% nominal mark in line with the advice on maintaining confidentiality.

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Illustrations and posters

1. Works that were created for publication or not exhibited:

• Artist(s)
• (Year)
• Title.
• [for Publication] (optional)
• [medium]
• Dimensions (optional).
• Location.
• Copyright statement (optional).

Example of work created for publication:

Example of work not created for publication and not exhibited:

2. Works that were created for an exhibition:

• Artist(s)
• (Year)
• Title.
• [medium]
• Exhibited at Location,
• Dates(s).
• Dimensions (optional).
• Location.
• Copyright statement (optional).

Example:

3. Exhibited works which appeared in a book or journal:

If the illustration appears in a book or journal, the required elements are for the book or journal in which the illustration appears.

Examples:

You will find that any published work will have had to obtain permission of the illustrator, gallery or museum to reproduce the image. These details should be given either below a figure or in a separate list of picture credits.

Example:

If you refer to illustrations or posters in your work, the titles are always in italics, for example:

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Exhibitions

Exhibitions are a primary way of exploring themes and sharing experiences in art and design. They are held in specific locations at specific times and have specific titles. Some exhibitions demonstrate the work of one artist while others are curated and include the work of several artists. Refer to the title of the exhibition in italics in the text of your work.

• Title
• (Year)
• [exhibition]
• Curated by Curator (optional).
• Location,
• Date(s). 

Examples:

Refer to the title of the exhibition in italics in the text of your work, for example:

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Installations

You need to credit the artist, the title of the installation, the venue and the date that it was viewed. Photographs will have been taken of the installation but it is the artist of the work that you need to cite and the venue that displayed the work. In the text of your work you will need to refer to the installation in italics.

• Artist(s) or Designer(s)
• (Year)
• Title.
• [installation]
• Location,
• Date(s).

Examples:

For installations that are part of a curated collection:

• Artist(s) or Designer(s)
• (Year)
• Title.
• [installation]
• In: Exhibition Title.
• Curated by Curator (optional).
• Location,
• Date(s).

Example:

In the text of your work you will need to refer to the installation in italics, for example:

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Sculptures

You need to credit the artist, the title of the sculpture, the materials and the location. Photographs will have been taken of the sculpture but it is the artist of the work that you need to cite and the sculpture's location.

• Artist
• (Year(s) of production)
• Title.
• [medium]
• Dimensions.
• Location.

Examples:

For sculptures that were previously part of an exhibition:

• Artist(s) or Designer(s)
• (Year)
• Title.
• [sculpture]
• In: Exhibition Title.
• Curated by Curator (optional).
• Location,
• Date(s).

Examples:

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Maps

1. Printed maps

• Map maker
• (Year)
• Title,
• Sheet number,
• Scale.
• Place of Publication:
• Publisher.

Example:

2. Digimap maps

• Map maker
• (Year)
• Title.
• Available through: URL
• [Accessed date].

Example:

In-text:

3. Google Earth maps

• Google Earth
• (Year)
• Image details.
• Available through: URL
• [Accessed date].

Example:

As a figure below the image in the text of your work, the reference would appear as:

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